The Advantages Of Globalization In ICT

The Advantages Of Globalization In ICT Here i introduced a Globalization and difusion of ICTs and how they reduced the importance of geography, whats the advatage and dis-advantage of Globalization and difusion of ICTs. globalisation is very important for cultural structure,political,social and technological structures.It contains four principal feature in origion of globalisation so i introduced in shortly as below. the multiplication into world markets of national economies, the transition from a High grade economy into a High value economy.The end of bipolarity and traditional prize-fight between socialism and capitalism. http://www.unesco.org/most/globalisation/Introduction.htm Privatization + Deregulation + Globalization = Turbo-capitalism = Prosperity (Luttwak quoted by Frank 2002: 17) http://www.infed.org/biblio/globalization.htm The ICTs (Information and communication technology)are understood about the computers and the internet but this consideration is limited. Information and knowledge are critical components of poverty alleviation strategies, and ICTs offer the promise of easy access to huge amounts of information useful for the poor. However, the digital divide is argued to be the result rather than the cause of poverty, and efforts to bridge it must be embedded within effective strategies that address the causes of poverty. Moreover, earlier patterns of adoption and diffusion of technology suggest that ICTs will not achieve their full potential without suitable attention being paid to the wider processes that they are intended to assist and to the context within which they are being implemented. as it excludes the more traditional and usually more common technologies of radio, television, telephones, public address systems, and even newspapers, which also carry information. In particular, the potential value of radio as a purveyor of development information should not be overlooked, especially in view of its almost ubiquitous presence i n developing countries, including the rural locations in which the vast majority of the poor live. Many of the factors that will define how ICTs will be integrated into existing community and national development initiatives are highly contextual in nature; dependent on existing norms of institutional behaviour and on how vigorously reforms can be implemented. As a result, diffusion and replication rates will vary among communities and between nations. In some cases, we can expect slow progress towards further diffusion of ICTs for poverty alleviation. Retrieved from http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Information_and_Communication_Technologies_for_Poverty_Alleviation/Introduction Advantages and disadvantges of globalisation Advantages Increased free trade between nations . Increased liquidity of capital allowing investors in developed nations to invest in developing nations. Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders. Global mass media ties the world together . Increased flow of communications allows vital information to be shared between individuals and corporations around the world. Greater ease and speed of transportation for goods and people. Reduction of cultural barriers increases the global village effect . Spread of democratic ideals to developed nations . Greater interdependence of nation-states. Reduction of likelihood of war between developed nations. Increases in environmental protection in developed nations . Disadvantages Increased flow of skilled and non-skilled jobs from developed to developing nations as corporations seek out the cheapest labor. Increased likelihood of economic disruptions in one nation effecting all nations. Corporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil society organizations and average individuals. Threat that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression. Greater chance of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to preserve cultural heritage . Greater risk of diseases being transported unintentionally between nations. Spread of a materialistic lifestyle and attitude that sees consumption as the path to prosperity. International bodies like the World Trade Organization infringe on national and individual sovereignty. Increase in the chances of civil war within developing countries and open war between developing countries as they vie for resources. Decreases in environmental integrity as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countries. http://www.darkseptemberrain.com/ideas/advantages.htm Globalization: Advantages and Disadvantages Instead of giving a few pointers here and a few pointers there, explanation on these concepts should do more justice to the subject. Have a look at the following Advantages and Disadvantages of Global Marketing There has to be operational differences between various companies in different countries. What I mean to say is, a car manufacturer of UK will manufacture a car with a different operation than a car manufacturer in Italy (for example Jaguar and Ferrari). Both are trying to take advantage of the operational difference that they have between them. And both companies are trying to sell a car in America for a greater value. So if you want your product to have an appeal on a global scale, then obviously, marketing on a global scale is required. Advantages of Global Marketing Lower Marketing Costs: If you are to consider lump-some cost then, yes, it is high, but the same cost even goes even higher if the company has to market a product differently in every country that it is selling. Global Scope: Scope of this kind of marketing is so large that it becomes a unique experience. Brand image Consistency: Global marketing allows you to have a consistent image in every region that you choose to market. Quick and Efficient Use of Ideas: A global entity is able to use a marketing idea and mould it into a strategy to implement on a global scale. Uniformity in Marketing Practices: A global entity can keep some degree of uniformity in marketing through out the world. Disadvantages of Global Marketing Inconsistency in Consumer Needs: American consumer will be different from the South African. Global marketing should be able to address that. Consumer Response Inconsistency: Consumer in one country may react differently than a consumer in another country. Country Specific Brand and Product: A Japanese might like a product to have a traditional touch, where as an American might like to add a retro modern look to it. In this case, a global strategy is difficult to device. The Laws of the Land Have to be Considered: Original company policies may be according to the laws of home countries. The overseas laws may be conflicting in these policies. Infrastructural Differences: Infrastructure may be hampering the process in one country and accelerating in another. Global strategy cannot be consistent in such a scenario. Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in Developing Countries Overall globalization has been a big boon for the developing countries, but there are a few who say that it has been a curse. Let us take a look at both these aspects of globalization. The Advantages GDP Increase: If the statistics are any indication, GDP of the developing countries have increased twice as much as before. Percapita Income Increase: The wealth has had a trickling effect on the poor. The average income has increased to thrice as much. Unemployment is Reduced: This fact is quite evident when you look at countries like India and China. Education has Increased: Globalization has been a catalyst to the jobs that require higher skill set. This demand allowed people to gain higher education. Competition on Even Platform: The companies all around the world are competing on a single global platform. This allows better options to consumers. The Disadvantages Uneven Distribution of Wealth: Wealth is still concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and a common man in a developing country is yet to see any major benefits of globalization. Income Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries: Wealth of developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the developing world. Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries: A technology worker may get more value for his work in a developed country than a worker in a developing country. Reversal of Globalization: In future, factors such as war may demand the reversal of the globalization (as evident in inter world war years), current process of globalization may just be impossible to reverse. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-globalization.html Advantages and Disadvantages of ICT ICT has made my project easier to do. Making a catalogue is a long process, involving a lot of design and research plans, using a computer and IT based materials has cut down the time it would take of I had done it manually. For example, before starting to make my catalogue I had to do some research on the items I wanted to advertise, using the internet was a faster more efficient way of doing this. The internet showed the websites I needed to go on that had the right information. If I had not used a computer I would have had to carry task out manually, which is very time consuming, for example, Cropping pictures down to the right size to fit the catalogue. The computer does this accurately and more precise than a human can do, cutting. Also copying and pasting, doing this on a computer, then printing means no Pritt Stick: This can look tacky and bad quality. Using ICT gives the best presentation possible. Key skill 12 There is so much technical equipment in the ICT rooms, precautions need to be taken, so that nobody gets hurt, when I was in the ICT room, I made sure that drinks and food were not near the computers, so that the equipment would operate in the right order. Also I made sure that bags were not left in the walking areas, so that others would not trip over them and hurt themselves. To prevent fires, fore extinguishers were present in the room and the sockets were not over loaded. Work surfaces remained clear to avoid clutter. Five minutes before the end of every lesson, I saved the work I had done that day to make sure all my work is well documented and so I can continue from where I stopped in the next lesson. [IMAGE]I saved my work on my part of the school network, in My Documents. Particularly working in this project I made a new folder called Communications- the name of the project so that I can put all the work I do in it, this saves confusion with other files. I made a back up file of the communications folder and named it communications just in case the first one got lost. [IMAGE]i used floppy disks to get even more copies of my work especially the unfinished class work so that I can complete it at home. I used a floppy disk because the schools computers had the facilities for floppy disk use. It is not too heavy or too big for me to carry home and use on my own computer. When I found was having trouble or difficulties in my work or using the computer I told my teacher Mrs Wenden to help me, or got sent to the schools computer technicians to help me, like when I could not log in, the technicians gave me a new password for my username. Key skill 24 There are many advantages and disadvantages of using ICT Advantages of using ICT * Using Microsoft word and software like Microsoft Publisher is that you can change the text, mistakes without having to start from the very beginning again. * Work is easy to save and document, rather than someone keeping them in folders were they can get misplaced. * You can make back up files quickly. * Can keep all files under one folder e.g. communications * Crop pictures down accurately * Use scanners to scan in pictures form magazine and books. * Printer that produce high quality work * Access to the internet * You can email letters and document to people all over the world. Disadvantages of using ICT  · The internet server can go down randomly, so you cannot connect to a webpage.  · Networks can get hacked into. o Shopping online leaves shoppers prone to online credit card theft.  · Viruses can come through the internet damaging the files in your computer  · Some software can be difficult for some generations and people to learn how to use  · People start to rely on computers too much and use them to do everything.  · Repetitive strain injury, strain on tendon in the arms, back problems and painful eyes are caused from prolonged use of computers.  · Work sometimes does not look exactly like what you want it to look like. http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=149377 Tesco Using ICT Advantages and Disadvantages and the Impact of ICT This report is based around the information gathered on a Business Information Day Provided by ELBP. The focus of this case study is on Tesco Supermarket. The manager of the Tesco.Net Business gave an interesting talk on the business and in this case study I a going look at what they use ICT for in their business and the disadvantage and the advantages of ICT and the impact ICT has on the business I will draw out the four main feature if using ICT. The company that I am going to look at is Tesco. Tesco is a shopping company. Tesco customers can buy online and deliver it to your doorstep. Tesco use ICT for their company they use it for various reasons like to get the stock and it alerts them when there are low on stock. The four main functions of using ICT in Tesco: q The first main feature of using ICT is that it produces Internet web site. They use it for Tesco customers can buy online this is an good advantage for Tesco customers because if they live far away and want to shop and Tesco it will be very difficult to get there Tesco online shopping or if Tesco is too crowded online shopping will be much easier. Tesco An Applied ICT Case Study For LEBP Author J.Cowell 2 q The second main feature of using ICT is that Tesco ICT have created a PDA. Tesco staff use it so if the customers cant find a particular item they can type it in and then they can find the item they want and it will tell you the isle and this will make the company more efficient and they will be less fuss about asking where is this particular item. q The third main feature of using ICT is that is produced a location label this is used to find items. It says the isle number first then the row and then the shelf this is very useful to Tesco customers if they cant find what they want. q The fourth main feature of using ICT is Tesco have created a navigation system. Truck drivers use this if they get lost or dont know the way to the customers house or to make the journey quicker to get very groceries to your houses. This a very good item of ICT and very reliable. The advantages of using ICT in Tesco is: q The first advantages of using ICT is that Tesco customers can buy online so they dont need to go to the actual store to buy the products and you just click on the product you want and they just deliver it to your house. Tesco An Applied ICT Case Study For LEBP Author J.Cowell 3 q The second advantage of using ICT is that they can use credit card to buy your items so they dont need to bring your money you can use your credit card. q The third advantage of using ICT is a navigation system this is where the driver can find the customers house if they get lost or dont know where it is. q The fourth advantage of using ICT is location label this is a very good advantage of using ICT because it tells you where the products are and will be less people wondering about the store looking for what there product they want to buy. The disadvantages of using ICT in Tesco is: q The first disadvantage of using ICT is that if the system goes wrong the company cannot run and must close the store and they will lose a lot of money and the customer will think the supermarket is not very reliable so they might not come again. q The second disadvantage of using ICT is if they dont have stock and the truck driver navigation system goes down and Tesco dont get their stock they will lose a lot of money. q The third disadvantage of using ICT is that if the website crashes the people will not be able to buy online and will have to come to the store and will be crowded full of people and will just lose all their stock and will have none left for the afternoon or maybe tomorrow. Tesco An Applied ICT Case Study For LEBP Author J.Cowell 4 q The fourth disadvantage of using ICT is that it is very expensive and costs a lot of money. Tesco pay at least  £3,000,000 a year. The impact ICT has on Tesco The impact ICT has on Tesco is to make them very efficient and if they didnt have ICT it will be very difficult to operate as efficiently and this will waste a lot of time sorting everything out. If the company was not as reliant on ICT they would need to train staff on tills whereas the current tills require no skill level at all. Tesco ICT commitment keeps the staff morale high lack of ICT will lose a lot of staff and will be even more difficult to run the store and will eventually have to close the store. Tesco do use ICT and has made their company more efficient and more reliable to use and ICT will was save a lot of time by saving a lot of time it will save a lot of money. Other Major impacts include advancements in store security due to digital video and better cameras. They are also testing electronic shelf edge labelling to adjust prices globally as they need to be competitive. Many stores in the Tesco group now incorporate self-service checkouts. Which allow you to scan your own shopping and pay. The increase use of ICT at Tesco have created website so people dont need to leave they own house to buy their groceries and will make the company less crowded out Tesco also have been able to widen their product range due to more specialised websites being created and linked to the supermarket business. ICT have also created a navigation Tesco An Applied ICT Case Study For LEBP Author J.Cowell 5 system for truck drivers so they dont get lost and will make the company more faster to run and will make the company more efficient and will be more reliable to their customers. It is a very good impact for people who are on wheel chair and they dont need to leave the house, which will be very difficult for the people who are wheel chair. It has also created PDA to find the product people want and will be less fuss and people wondering about to look for a particular item, which is on stock. It will be more customers getting what their want and will be more customer coming to the store because they can find out want they going to get and not wasting time wondering about Data processing Data processing in the Tesco business is 100% reliant on ICT thus the ICT team needs to ensure the data processing and communication system doesnt crash and ensure regular upgrades and system checks Having all their data processing requirements tied up in ICT is not very efficient and safe for Tesco because if the computer system goes down all the data could be lost. Thus Tesco need to keep a backup system. Robustness and security Tescos systems have a good backup facility that is very safe, as it has multi redundant back-up copies this is very good for Tesco if the computer goes down, Tesco has password protected servers and terminals for all staff, even the tills have secure password and encrypted data transfer protocols. Tesco.net has spent a lot of money and time getting a secure site for their customers and staff. Staff and customers are required to have a valid username and access password to get in the company business system or the website to buy. The website is SSL (secure socket layer) protected this allows them to accept credit and debit cards on their site. The Tesco An Applied ICT Case Study For LEBP Author J.Cowell 6 specialised and enhanced robustness and security allows Tesco to stop hackers getting into their business, which is very efficient for Tesco. http://www.cbsglenroad.com/Intranet/Departments/ictda/POWERPOINTS/unit%202/tesco.pdf IMPACT: http://www.articlealley.com/article_1611691_22.html Definition: Globalised World What does it mean? Does it mean the fast movement of people which results in greater interaction? Does it mean that because of IT revolution people can be in touch with each other in any part of the world? Does it mean trade and economy of each country is open in Non-Intrusive way so that all varieties are available to consumer of his choice? Does it mean that mankind has achieved emancipation to a level of where we can say it means a social, economic and political globalisation? Though the precise definition of globalisation is still unavailable a few definitions worth viewing, Stephen Gill: defines globalisation as the reduction of transaction cost of transborder movements of capital and goods thus of factors of production and goods. Guy Brainbant: says that the process of globalisation not only includes opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication, internationalisation of financial markets, growing importance of MNCs, population migrations and more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, capital, data and ideas but also infections, diseases and pollution Impact on India: India opened up the economy in the early nineties following a major crisis that led by a foreign exchange crunch that dragged the economy close to defaulting on loans. The response was a slew of Domestic and external sector policy measures partly prompted by the immediate needs and partly by the demand of the multilateral organisations. The new policy regime radically pushed forward in favour of amore open and market oriented economy. Major measures initiated as a part of the liberalisation and globalisation strategy in the early nineties included scrapping of the industrial licensing regime, reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, amendment of the monopolies and the restrictive trade practices act, start of the privatisation programme, reduction in tariff rates and change over to market determined exchange rates. Over the years there has been a steady liberalisation of the current account transactions, more and more sectors opened up for foreign direct investments and portfolio investments facilitating entry of foreign investors in telecom, roads, ports, airports, insurance and other major sectors. The Indian tariff rates reduced sharply over the decade from a weighted average of 72.5% in 1991-92 to 24.6 in 1996-97.Though tariff rates went up slowly in the late nineties it touched 35.1% in 2001-02. India is committed to reduced tariff rates. Peak tariff rates are to be reduced to be reduced to the minimum with a peak rate of 20%, in another 2 years most non-tariff barriers have been dismantled by march 2002, including almost all quantitative restrictions. India is Global: The liberalisation of the domestic economy and the increasing integration of India with the global economy have helped step up GDP growth rates, which picked up from 5.6% in 1990-91 to a peak level of 77.8% in 1996-97. Growth rates have slowed down since the country has still bee able to achieve 5-6% growth rate in three of the last six years. Though growth rates has slumped to the lowest level 4.3% in 2002-03 mainly because of the worst droughts in two decades the growth rates are expected to go up close to 70% in 2003-04. A Global comparison shows that India is now the fastest growing just after China. This is major improvement given that India is growth rate in the 1970s was very low at 3% and GDP growth in countries like Brazil, Indonesia, Korea, and Mexico was more than twice that of India. Though Indias average annual growth rate almost doubled in the eighties to 5.9% it was still lower than the growth rate in China, Korea and Indonesia. The pick up in GDP growth has helped improve Indias global position. Consequently Indias position in the global economy has improved from the 8th position in 1991 to 4th place in 2001. When GDP is calculated on a purchasing power parity basis http://economics.about.com/od/globalizationtrade/l/aaglobalization.htm SWOT ANALYSIS 15.1 Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat It will be rather simplistic to select features/developments and describe these as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The reality is too nuanced to allow such laboured descriptions. Hence, we are presenting a pertinent rather than a cut-and-dried picture in this regard. The localization of weaver-force; dyers; designers, card-cutters, loom fabricators and traders- the pool of competencies and resources- is a major strength but this is no longer handloom-dedicated and in that sense, is getting dissipated. When market conditions deteriorate, the stakeholders-particularly weaversexit; correct the supply side and thus prevent terms of trade from worsening below a minimum mark. The legal framework also can provide a bulwark against the terms for weavers deteriorating below a minimum mark. At Agra, absence of occupational alternatives and legal framework contribute to freefall. This weakness is responsible not merely for worsening of weaver wage levels but also for lack of initiative to shore up the competitive strength of the sector. There are market and product development opportunities for the cluster. There is scope for growth in overseas market. On the other hand, there are multiple threats- Carpet weaving becoming a completely unrewarding occupation. On the whole, the cluster is facing an uphill task of recovering lost ground. For understanding it better we here give the SWOT Analysis of the cluster in bullet form à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ STRENGTH à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Traditional Value à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Availability of skilled weavers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ All the back word linkages are available à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Being a famous tourist place good Connectivity with major cities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Existence of strong Traders WEAKNESS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dependency on one product à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Highly unorganized cluster à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Over work force à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Products are relatively costly because of use of costly yarn à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need of Dry Cleaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inferior quality of dying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low credit from financial institutions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Infrastructure is bad à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brand Equity of product is declining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Decline in wages of weavers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No regular work for weavers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Common Facility Center à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No Training institute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 80 % import (OGL) OPPORTUNITY à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Product diversification à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exploration of new market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Export à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduction in custom duties on Yarn à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Product/Design patenting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tax free THREAT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Competition from other clusters à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Decline in demand of Carpet à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase in demand of value added products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase in demand of low cost power loom products . 15.1 STRENGTH 15.1.1 Market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Diversified customer base. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Large Domestic Market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Strong presence in Domestic Market with diversified customer base. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adequate Marketing Network. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Steady increase in market demand provided impetus to the demand. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Diversified customer base. 15.1.2 Input Availability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ample availability of raw material and consumables à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Easy availability of Packaging Materials Technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Availability of Customised Manufacturing Facilities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Availability of low cost manufacturing facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Demonstration effect (cluster rapidly adopt the technological changes) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Combine conventional and automatic manufacturing method to provide a cost effective product to the cluster. 15.1.3H R D à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Industrial harmonious relation in the entire cluster. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Most of the jobs are learnt by workers while doing it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Manpower is easily available but revaises to be trained by units. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Young and Educated next generati

Enron Case

Which parts of the corporate governance system, internal and external, do you believe failed Enron the most? In the evaluation of the Enron’s case; by trying to see the very big picture, it is not only about that the internal part of the corporate governance system was failed or but also the external part of the corporate governance system was also failed. As noted on the last paragraph of the mini case, many people from different positions and different companies didn’t act responsibly and according to the generally accepted corporate governance rules.Internally; because of the head executives used the companies resources and the power that their positions provides them for their own interests without thinking on behalf of the stakeholders and shareholders, collapse of Enron’s corporate governance system affected not only Enron’s company but also all the other institutions which integrated to the Enron’s system. Externally, especially legal counsel and auditor company didn’t act ethically. To avoid losing the best and the most powerful customer, they swept all inappropriate practices under the carpet.Therefore we can think that, internal and external part of corporate finance act harmoniously in that case. In the event of the absence of any single actor would result in different consequences or to outbreak of the event much earlier than it did. 2. Describe how you think each of the individual stakeholders and components of the corporate governance system should have either prevented the problems at Enron or acted to resolve the problems before they reached crisis proportions? If we evaluate the Enron Case without going on deeply, we will surprise how such a giant corporation can break down in a very short time process.However, when we evaluate the case deeply, it is understood that the fall of Enron is the last part of a chain reaction which has been already started long time ago. Therefore, before reaching the crisis point, stakeholders or components of the corporate governance should have taken some measures. The radical changes by Enron’s managements can be evaluated as the first alarm of the bad end. For such big companies Board of Directors should have been controlling for same neutral authorities for the sake of stakeholders. This control mechanism is not just necessary for financial of accountancy issues.After the fall of Enron, the government brought the General Accepted Accounting Principles, Statements on Auditing Standard and Auditing Procedures. However, if these kind of preventive laws have been implemented before the fall of Enron and A. Anderson, result could be very different. In fact, auditor companies are the part of commercial mechanisms. Therefore it is very normal to expect them to act in favor of companies that they consult, if there are no control mechanisms over them as in the case of Enron. For this reason, US increase the pressure over these kinds of companies.Man agement is responsible of corporate governance applications to decrease fraud and irregularity and control the procedures. While the duty of internal auditor is to control the entity’s internal applications, the responsibilities and duties of external auditor are to make efficient audit planning, to audit based on audit planning work done and to make appropriate documentation which forms evidence in the documentation process. Another important point for the Enron case is that why the government allowed the Enron act as a monopoly in the US energy sector. After fall of Enron, the electricity couldn’t be delivered to the some parts of US.Obviously, supply control system has been disfunctional in this market as a result of inefficient political management. 3. If all publicly-traded firms in the United States are operating within the same basic corporate governance system as Enron, why would some people believe this was an isolated incident, and not an example of many fail ures to come? We cannot say â€Å"The Enron collapse is just an example of misleading financial reporting†. It may be said that it is the wrong combination of leadership, business evolution, market behaviors, and the ‘times’ all combined to create a monster.As it is known, Corporate Governance is the system used to direct and control a corporation. And it defines the rights and responsibilities of key corporate participants such as shareholders, the board of directors, officers and managers, and other stakeholders. The Enron Case is a breakdown of corporate governance in the most baroque of recent scandals where there were not only conflicts with standards for good corporate governance but also unusually extensive use of sophisticated techniques and transactions to manipulate the firm’s financial reports.During the same year’s with Enron Case, Parmalot and Worldcom cases also occurred, mainly because of the same reasons, and resulted in a same way. Therefore wrong combinations for the corporative governance may result in a same way. Corporative Governance has been argued too much after the Enron Case. However some people believe that Enron was an isolated incident and not an example of many failures to come according to above writings. The biggest factor behind this thinking can be related to that Enron is much bigger than other failed companies and was acted like a monopoly.That is to say, all of the case showed us that how some companies can bankrupt because of the wrong combination of leadership, business evolution, and market behaviors. We think the following citation would be helpful so as to cover the Enron Case a little more. On March 5, 2002, Kirk Hanson, executive director of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics gave a speech on a newspaper: â€Å"Enron is a prominent example of a â€Å"new economy† company. Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling claimed that Enron was the most innovative company in the United Sta tes and at times tried to intimidate reporters or analysts who questioned their strategy.In the new economy, new kinds of companies have been created. Enron's collapse will encourage investors, analysts, reporters, and employees to ask â€Å"old economy† questions about these new economy companies: How does this company make money? Can it sustain this strategy over the long term? How do those who work in and with this company feel about it? The new economy has lost some of its appeal after the collapse of many dot. com companies and of Enron. †

Zimmermann Telegram

The Zimmermann Telegram was a coded message sent from Germany to Mexico in January 1917. Once the Zimmermann Telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, the contents were leaked to the U.S. and helped change the tide of American public opinion and brought the U.S. into World War I. The Story of the Zimmermann Telegram The Zimmermann Telegram was secretly sent from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to Germanys ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckhardt. The British managed to intercept this coded message and their cryptologists were able to decipher it. Within this secret message, Zimmermann revealed Germanys plan to restart unrestricted submarine warfare as well as offered Mexico territory from the United States if Mexico were to declare war on the United States. On February 24, 1917, the British shared the contents of the Zimmermann Telegram with U.S President Woodrow Wilson, who had been elected to a second term on the slogan He kept us out of the war. The contents of the Zimmermann Telegram then appeared in newspapers five days later, on March 1. Upon reading the news, the American public was outraged. For three years, Americans had prided themselves on safely keeping out of World War I, a war they believed to be contained to Europe, which seemed far away. The American public now felt the war was being brought to their own land. The Zimmermann Telegram helped change public opinion in the United States away from isolationism and toward joining World War I with the Allies. Just a month after the contents of the Zimmermann Telegram were published in U.S. papers, the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917. The Full Text of the Zimmermann Telegram (Since the coded Zimmermann Telegram was originally written in German, the text below is a translation of the German message.) We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the Presidents attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace.

Essay on Pop Culture Argument Social Networking - 1040 Words

My argument against social networking will give people some insight to my point of view in regards to why I feel it is harmful to individuals for several reasons. I will start by saying when these networks were first developed their mission was quite honorable and simple. Social networking was a place for people to just meet and converse in general. We are now living in an age of technology where the information contained on these sites is now being used against us. I am specifically talking about the integrity of the information that these sites currently hold on its’ members. Many of the social network members are truly unaware of the dangers that their personal information on these sites can have on the present, past,†¦show more content†¦Many criminals use these databases to build their own group whose target is to help reach their own criminal gains monetarily. People that use these social networking sites need to have a better understanding of what information they are giving up as well as what rights to privacy they are giving up when they sign up to join these alleged sites. In America, we have the mentality that no can touch us. But in reality, we are making it easier for our freedoms to be stripped as well as our lives to be monitored not only a national scale but on a global scale as well because of the high-speed technology of today. There have been cases of spurned relationships via face-book and people can use it to tarnish your reputation because of spite or just because the relationship they was searching for in you failed. The information is just too powerful and could haunt you for a long time, which in turn could lead to an individual stalking you. Of course, then there’s the issue of getting the authorities in volved, restraining orders, and not mention financial hardship one can incur due to court and legal fees because someone did not know the difference between real and reality of these social networking sites. MySpace has its issues as well. I have heard the term a lot â€Å"sharing is caring†. This social network has too many holes in itShow MoreRelatedHow Can New Media Help Enhance the Spread of Local Pop Culture?1794 Words   |  8 Pagesinternet, which has became the main platform for the delivery of pop culture. According to Osborn (2006), 3.4 million of 8.1 million Austria population and 24 million of 58.8 million United Kingdom population were Internet users, showing that around 40% of citizens are able to be accessed or associated with the Internet. It is appreciated that new media associated with a large number of population do favor the spread of local pop culture. Although traditional media should not be claimed to be replacedRead MoreConditions Leading the the Up rising the Syria Essay814 Words   |  4 PagesSyrian politics have traditionally focused on the sectarian, military and economic foundations of the current regime or its opponents. There are early attempts to frame the uprising with generic economic arguments about poverty, and destitution with regional compares to the case of Syria. Arguments about an oppressive authoritarian doesn’t explain why the uprising happened now, why not before? Few studies, however, have paid attention to the cultural basis of this regime and to cultural forms of resistanceRead MoreDescribe and Analyse a Subculture with Which You Are Familiar827 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe and analyse a subculture with which you are familiar. The definition of a subculture is a culture within a culture where a group develops distinctive norms and values that are different from those of the mainstream culture. The subculture that I will be writing about is called the Fan Base which is also know as the Fandom. A fan base or fandom is a group of regular supporters and enthusiasts that spend a rather large amount of time and energy focussing on a team, musician or musicalRead More Art Nature and Technology: Remaking Land and Body1267 Words   |  6 Pagesforms are also advancing, with the emergence of new mediums, art can be expressed in more ways than we ever thought possible. Computers have been especially beneficial in progressing the movement of art in modern society. With ways of communicating, networking and creating art all through a digital, simulated world, we are slowly substituting the real, with the virtual. Most experiences can already be simulated through video games and other virtual reality software. The internet has become an encyclopaediaRead MoreSocial Media Produces Anxiety And Stress Because It Creates1552 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media produces anxiety and stress because it creates pressure to maintain an identity and live up to certain standards. However, social media is not recognized as a real issue in young people because of the lack of attention from medical professionals. In this paper, I will analyze and gather research from multiple scholarly articles that give their opinion on social media and anxiety. Firstly, I will look at social media and anxiety from a medical point of view I will then collect informationRead MoreSocial Media And Anxiety From A Medical Point Of View1559 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media creates anxiety and stress because it creates pressure to maintain an identity and live up to certain standards. But, it fails to be recognized as a real issue in young people because of the lack of attention from medical professionals. In this paper, I will analyze and gather research from multiple scholarly articles that give their opinion on social media and anxiety. Firstly, I will look at social media and anxiety from a medical point of view I will then collect information thatRead MorePlatforms And Interfaces Essay1351 Wo rds   |  6 PagesA player’s personal experience of transforming platforms and interfaces: from Game Boy to personal computers Introduction Accept it or not, video games and â€Å"gaming† are a large part of Australian culture. The average Australian 21-year-old would have spent over 10,000 hours playing games (that’s how long it takes to complete school from year 5 to year 12). For immeasurable reasons such as involvement, freedom, entertainment and story-telling are games such a powerful medium of creative and interactiveRead MoreHow Does Social Media Impact Our Lives?2102 Words   |  9 PagesHow does social media impact our everyday lives? This essay is going to discuss and argue the power of social media and its influence on our everyday lives. It will differentiate the freedom of social media in the western and eastern countries and argue its power on how we perceive the changes around the world. Furthermore it will discuss the impact of the digital media on social behaviour and its integration with advertising and marketing systems. The notion of media has always played a big partRead MorePersonal Interest Project2043 Words   |  9 Pagesdigital natives) inherent captivation with social media and the moral and social quandary this poses. The benefit of social media is ambiguous to say the least; does it serve as a tool to better network with the world around you? Or are its effects much more negative in nature? Accordingly, my hypothesis in relation to my topic is that â€Å"Social media isolates individuals (with focus given to the digital natives) by negatively socialising them with subpar social abilities†. I aim to achieve a concreteRead MoreImpression Management Of A Networked Setting : Reading Pop Culture, 2nd Ed Edited By Jeff Osbourne1954 Words   |  8 Pagesa Networked Setting† Reading pop culture, 2nd Ed Edited by Jeff Osbourne. Bedford / St. Martins, 2016, PP, 122-127 In â€Å"Impression Management in a Networked Setting†, the reading focuses on how people and mainly adolescents project a type of fade on social media sites. The author states how many young people today are sad, but when on Facebook only take happy looking selfies and hide their true feelings, so they can get more likes from friends. And even how your social media profile page can make a

Military Brats Legacies Of Childhood Inside The Fortress

Is it too farfetched that children of military personnel have their own subculture? Military Brats are children of active military personal that move don’t have a set home they live in. They are actively moving from state to state and from country to country. Despite this sounding like this sound like someone who just moves around a lot, there is a whole lot more to Military Brats. Military Brats are in fact, a subculture that have a real presence in our society and have their own struggles they face as individuals. The first and most important question that needs to be answered is, what is a Military Brat? Wertsch answers this question perfectly in the introduction to her book â€Å"Military Brats: Legacies of Childhood Inside the fortress. â€Å"I was a military brat . . . I was guaranteed free medical care and subsidized food and housing until the day I finished college and had to turn in the ID card that granted me these rights and privileges† (Wertsch, Intro). Essentially a Military Brat is an individual either born or raised on military bases for a majority of their lives. Where does the name Military Brat originate though? The phrase â€Å"Military Brat† is actually an acronym, Brat stands for, British Regiment Attached Traveler (Caban). All of this essentially means that Military Brats aren’t guaranteed a home, rather are more or less guaranteed the opposite. They live nomadic lifestyles, never having enough time to become accustomed to their environment. A great ex ample of this isShow MoreRelatedLife on a Military Base890 Words   |  4 Pagesfriends from military families, Jackson would move out of my life within weeks, swept away by the needs of the United States military. Growing up near Macdill Air Force Base in Tampa, I met and befriended many children like Jackson with military parents. To the average civilian, they were just normal kids from military families, but to those familiar with military culture, they were more commonly known as â€Å"military brats†. Used as a term of endearment and respect within the military community, â€Å"military

Computer and Grades Free Essays

string(58) " hey need in their university is encoded on their system\." This chapter presents the background of the study, problem and its significance, and the scope and limitation of the study. Background of the Study In this Information Age we are able to process or transmit, sort and retrieve data or information between one computer to another. With this, it makes the communication and different task done easy and less time consuming and hassle free. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer and Grades or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like in schools, offices this brings a big help. In schools especially in colleges/ universities it is consist of different people and machine that work together to achieve one common goal. One of this goal is the transferring of data or information of computed grades of the student on how they performed academically in their different respective subject. On latter days, instructors manually computing the grades of their students then input it in computer, print it for them to have the hard copy. One is for their own then the other copy for the registrar or dean whom they passed the reports of the grades. But with this grading system, they can compute or tabulates the grades of their students computerized, easily and efficiently, less paper works and they can pass it through computer to the registrar and dean. And most important is that the student can quickly response if he have a problem with his grades because of the system SMS notification. The student will receive a SMS notification if he is needed to comply or talk with his respective instructor about his academic performance or grades. This will help the student that always have the reason of it was too late when they know that they failed on that subject so they were not able to comply or talk with their instructor. Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study is to minimize the task of the instructor. Registrar. This study will benefit and help the registrar to monitor the student list and information with the grades coming from their instructors. Dean. This study will benefit and help the dean of this college to monitor the class standings and per term submission of grades of the students by the instructors. Future Researchers. This study will serves as reference for the future researchers on their future study. Scope and Delimitation This study covers the CLC College of Stop. NIH, Japan City grading system. It also includes how these students will comply eventually on their grades problems with the use of SMS notification. This study focuses on the problem on how the student list be monitor and update timely and how the grades of the student will compute accurately and efficiently that will help the student and instructor to communicate despite of their busy and different schedule if they have something to settle that deals with the grade or class standing of the student. And this study focuses to suggested ways or solutions to avoid the students for being fail in different subjects. Make the student responsible for his studying and completes the requirements with his subjects as a student. Definition of Terms 1 . Information Age – Growth of information industry where information can be sorted, stored and retrieved from one computer to another. 2. Comply – To complete, reform what is due, and to be courteous. 3. System Development Life Cycle – System Life Cycle is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems. It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-processes required for developing a system. Chapter II The Review of Related Literature and Studies Foreign Literature According to John Palmer, Robert Williams Heinz Dither Curtain University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia (2011) they stated that: â€Å"Automated marking of assignments consisting of written text would doubtless be of teachers and education administrators alike. When large numbers of assignments are submitted at once, teachers find themselves bogged down in their attempt to provide consistent evaluations and high quality feedback to students within as short a timeshare as is reasonable, usually a matter of days rather than weeks. Educational administrators are also concerned with quality and timely feedback, but in addition must manage the cost of doing this work. Clearly an automated system would be a highly desirable addition to the educational tool-kit, particularly if it can provide less costly and more effective outcome. In this paper we present a description and evaluation of four automated essay grading systems. We then report on our trial of one of these systems which was undertaken at Curtain University of Technology in the first half of 2011. The purpose of the trial was to assess whether automated essay grading was feasible, economically viable and as accurate as manually grading the essays. Within the Curtain Business School we have not previously used automated grading systems but the benefit could be enormous given the very large numbers of students in some first year subjects. As we evaluate the results of our trial, a research and development direction is indicated which we believe will result in improvement over existing system. Keywords: assessment, assignment, automatic, essay, grading, marking, plagiarism† (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Grading-System-For- Essay. HTML) The said article/essay that the grading system will be usable when it comes in grading especially to first year students. And when that system can be implemented, they can provide to students a good evaluation, and a timely feedback. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study in order to have a good and timely dieback for the students. In a study conducted by Evangelists (2009) she stated that: â€Å"The Online Student Information System of Simon Fraser University of Canada is a secure, web accessible interactive computer system that allows user access to grade, reports, transcripts, schedule of classes, and remaining balance for the semester and register for classes online. † (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Review-Of-Related- Foreign-Literature. HTML) The said article/essay that the system of the Simon Fraser University is secured, accessible and efficient to use because all the information that hey need in their university is encoded on their system. You read "Computer and Grades" in category "Papers" This article helps the proponents’ to make the proposed system more accurate, convenient to use, understandable and make it user friendly environment. In a study conducted by Salem, University (2010) the school stated that: â€Å"In today’s generation, we are engaged in highly computerized technology aiming to enhance individual lifestyle. The manual system is now considered obsolete after the birth of the computerized system. Computerized Grading System is now very common today’s generation. † (http:// www. Studded. Com/essays/Fortunetelling. HTML) The said article/essay/ that our generation is innovated time-to-time. Nowadays, every companies or establishments is using a technology to provide fast transactions and encoding data’s much easier. This innovation helps the proponents’ proposed study to provide more usable system. Local Literature In a study conducted by McFarland, Migration and Maiden (2009) they stated that: â€Å"A teaching a nd learning radically changed with advances in technology. Research shows that the computer can be an effective tool in both teaching and learning. As a part of innovation, computer and internet became a part of our need in learning. It helps us to know anything and connect us to everybody. It helps us also to learn something in a quick and easiest way by providing relevant and informative information online. † (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Assessment-Of-Online- Grading-System-7655755. HTML) The said article/essay that every piece of information that we need, the computer can provide it through accessing the internet. And also it would be very helpful to the students who are engaging research papers. So that, the proponents’ proposed system should be able to give information to the user. In a study conducted by (Beg, 2010) he stated that: Manual also is using old method without the help of the technology or maybe less to perform certain task or work. For example using type writer to write a report or keep documents in the paper folder. While computerized system is using latest technology of CIT to carry out various tasks that is more effective compare to manual system in terms of the productivity and the time usage. † (http://www. Studded. Mom/essays/ Online-student-Information-system-1871749. HTML) The said article/essay that computer systems is easy to use rather than the manual system which is filing, using papers to store information’s etc. But when it comes to computerized system, it is timeless and doubtless to encode retrieve information’s encoded on that system. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to help the user make their tim e be manageable. In a study conducted by National University (2011) the school stated that: â€Å"Nowadays, technology plays a very important role to our lives. We all knew that technology grows fast and the demand for human resources increased. Life in every aspect such as business transactions when it comes to doing heavy paper works, arranging, sorting now has come to find its solution to make task easier and less time consuming. We can say that all companies adopted what the technology offers. This is through the process of computerizing. With its help, all transaction inside and outside the business world can be done in an easy way. † (http:// www. Studded. Com/essays/Grading-System. HTML) The said article/essay that life made easy when using a computerized system, it is because the things that the human did manually, it can be done automatically through the help of a system, and the human efforts will be reduced. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to lessen the human efforts. Related Studies Foreign Studies In a study conducted by AY Hydraulically (2012) he stated that: â€Å"The first regular school be establis hed in Bahrain, It’s was established in 1919. The education in Bahrain was limited to education in chronic schools who are studying the Koran. However, AY Hydraulically was limited to the teaching the children of rich people and the owners of the important centers in the centers in the country and then become the public from people. It’s a doubted by the ministry of education in Bahrain. As the time go to the school has improved it teaching system and the activates to make the studying more effective for the student and now this school have been secondary school for boys in Marjoram. Now, the school is using a manual grading system in which they are using papers, files, cards and calculators to calculate the marks of each student. This type of grading is very difficult and take a long term in calculating the grade of each student, and the school spends money every year for paper files and other things, as well as there is big ability for losing or damaging the document. † (http://www. Demoded. Com/essays/Related-About- Grading-system-1077246. HTML) The said article/essay that manual computing of grades is taking too much time, and also, the school is able to pay for the papers that the students needed for storing their information’s. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to avoid paying such papers and spending too much amount of money. In a study conducted by Golden Valley – Annealed Group of Schools (2012) the school stated that: â€Å"The grades of each student, which is the traditional use when technology is not yet developed. Manual computation is very prompt to risk for any resistances. It is time consuming in terms of recording grades, computation using of calculator. If some records are lost, they never retrieve it in case of unexpected calamity. Accuracy and security is not been so defined in their manual system. (http://Studded. Com/essays/Grading-System-1232996. HTML) The said article/essay that manual computation is very risky, because there is a possibility of loses and damaging the documents. And it is time-taking when recording grades into the papers. So that, the proponents’ proposed this system to avoid damaging loses of information needed by the instructor. In as st udy conducted by possible Axes (2008) he stated that: â€Å"Upgrading the computer information system is not an option in this technology driven era: it is a requirement. Companies that use an up-to-date information system to gather, assimilate, and evaluate internal as well as external information are gaining competitive advantage over other firms. Management is quicker to cater customer’s need and complaints. With the growth of communication networks, there are almost no barriers between the firm’s management employees, customers and suppliers. Networks computing system have made new modes of work. (http://Studded. Com/essays/nine- Student-Information-system-1871749. HTML) The said article/essay that up-to-date system is more efficient to use, because all the information needed by the customer, employees etc. Is not a barrier by the system, because computerized system has a components to interact to us humans. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to help the user easily retrieved information needed. Local Studies In a study conducted by San Sebastian College Recollects (2011) the school stated that: â€Å"Began over 4 y ears ago; many things in this school have gone from manual to automate. And because a typical problem in a starting school are Grading Systems. I noticed that this systems does not exist in this school. Grading System means marking the task for professors in computing and calculating grades will become easy and not only that the professors will have an advantage but the student will also get a gain, because it will also improve accuracy of calculations thus making the what we call â€Å"Hula of Grades† will become non-existent in the future of San Sebastian Recollects. † (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Computerized-Grading- Systematizes. Ml) The said article/essay that when the instructor is using a computerized grading system, their task as an instructor will be lessen because as we all know that computing of grades is not an easy work. So the proponents’ proposed this study to help the user compute the grades of the students automatically. That: â€Å"One of the fastest growing institutions in the City of Basis will new opportunit ies rising continually in hundreds of different fields. System analyst matches the requirements of the school and set up an interview between the key people. Interviews are then conducted, and the candidates selected in the interview re one of the teachers of the basic education department. This project examines the issues related to Online Grading System that implements a web-based application composed of the Grade School and High School Department. This would create a system of reliable and accurate to compute grades in all different subjects in the Basic Education Department. A comparatively fast access of information of grades; generate reports, and information of the inputs of the teachers. This will be designed through web-based with the use of Myself as database management with the intent to generate reports. It helps the teachers minimize the time consumed in computing grades of the student using manual method. It also focused each of the underlying technologies used to create and implement the application. † (http:// www. Studded. Com/essays/Online-Grading-System-610544. HTML) The said article/ essay that when the instructor using a web-based grading system, the students will have an information regarding on the standing of their grades. And also, the instructor’s is not able to use a calculator to compute the grades of each student, because it can be done by the system. So the proponents’ proposed this study to inform both students and parents regarding on the standing of the grades by the student. In a study conducted by the Informatics International Dilemma College (2012) the school stated that: â€Å"One of the fastest growing institutions with new opportunities rising continually in hundreds of different fields. This project examines the issues related to Online Grading System that implements a web-based application composed of the Grade School and High School Department. This would create a system of reliable and accurate to compute grades in all different subjects in the Basic Education Department. A comparatively fast access of information of grades; generate reports, and information of the input of teachers. This will be designed through web-based with the use of Myself as database management with the intent to generate reports. (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Online-Grading- System-10361 53. HTML) The said article/essay that when the user which is the instructor use the online grading system, they will not be able to use the standard computing which is using a calculator. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to help the user to encode retrieved the grades of each students in easy way. Synthesis The proponents believe that each and every literature and studies stated in this research is related on their proposed study. The proponents relate and differentiate the research based on the flow of their system analysis from the proposed study. And the proponents’ believed that every literature and studies has their own existing system that they are using, even if it’s manual or computerized system. The proponents’ rely on both systems to improve the proposed study. Chapter Ill Materials and Methods This chapter includes the research design, respondents of study, data gathering lolls, statistical tools, system design and methods use in Developing the software used by the researcher to conduct the study. Research Design The researchers choose the Developmental (developing system) of materials and method. This Research design specifically designed to aid in the development of existing system and its interfaces. Respondents This study involves 10 students, 5 Faculty members, 1 Registrar and 1 Dean of CLC College of Japan, because the researchers want to know if the students will agree to the system main goal and aim to benefit for the convenience of the proposed yester. Because those students are in different year level and have different course, and they taking different subjects that are consists of the different grades and instructor that they will not able to know at all if they have problems or not regards to their academic performance. So the researchers will get accurate information about their research. And those instructors know what and how the grading system procedures so that the proponents will understand the flow of the proposed system. The proponents want to learn about how and the limits of the registrar and dean of he school in viewing students and instructors records. Data Gathering Procedure These are the instruments or tools for gathering data in research used as basis for drawing conclusions or making inferences. Some of these tools are based on observation, interview, survey, research and questionnaires used by the proponents as they conduct the proposed study. System Design System Flow Chart System Flowchart it is formalized graphic representation of a program logic sequence, work or manufacturing process, organizing chart, or similar formalized structure. It uses different symbols or shapes that represent the step by step procedure of the system connected by flow lines. Data Flow Diagram A data flow diagram (DVD) is a graphical representation of the â€Å"flow† of data through an information system, modeling its process aspects. Often they are a preliminary step used to create an overview of the system which can later be elaborated. It represents diagram which tells the flow of the system from the start until to the last procedure on how the user will use the system proposed by the proponents. Entity-Relationship Diagram An Entity-Relationship Diagram (RED) is a logical representation of an organization’s data. Entities – Major categories of data and are represented by rectangles. Attributes – Characteristics of entities and are listed within entity eclipses. And their Relationships listed and represented by diamonds. Methods used in Developing the Software System Development Life Cycle System Life Cycle is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems. It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-processes required for developing a system. Chapter IV Results and Discussion Project Description Grading System with SMS Notification is a LANA-Based System. This system is composed of five aspects. 1) Accuracy – this system is accurate every time that the instructor needs to encode the grade of the student it is because this system has the capability to calculate the encoded scores correctly. 2) Time Management – this system is favorable to the instructor who wants to engaged in managing of their time, because this computerized grading system can make their time manageable, because their task will be lessen in computing the grades manually. Usable – this is very useful every time that the instructor need to compute the grade of each student because this system can stored data on the database which is secured and the losses of each data will be lessen compared to the manual computation of grades. 4) Easy to Use – it is understandable to use by the user because of the separation of interfaces of who are logged on in the system, the proponents separates the interface according on the task of the user. 5) Informed – every end of the term the students will receive a notification from this system according to their status to be able for them to know about the status of their grades. The Grading System with SMS Notification has three interfaces according to the profession of the user. The instructor, has an interface to create, update and view the grades of each student. The Registrar, has an interface to view the grades of each student every end of the semester encoded by the instructor. The Dean, has the interface to view the grades of the student every end of the term. The Grading System with SMS Notification can send information according to the registered phone umber of the student on the system whether it is a personal phone number or the phone number of their guardian. How to cite Computer and Grades, Papers

History of Trade Unionism in India free essay sample

Since the conflict, or co-operation between workers and management is greatly influenced by the nature of the workers organisation and the processes that induce their structure, study of Trade Union becomes a critical topic in the industrial relations area. In this chapter an effort is made to study the origin of Trade Unions in lndia, the nature and pattern of unions, the relations within the unions, its consequences for the structure and behaviour of Trade Unions in the Industry and the implications they leave to be marked and provide in the years to come. . 2 Workers Organisation A Necessity and its Realisations in lndia Trade Un~ons are the product of large scale industrialisation and concentration of industries. Before the advent of industrialisation there were personal contracts between the employers and the workers (as the industries were run In the homes and with the tools of the employer). So there was no need to have any machinery for determining their relationship. But under the modem factory system this personal contact lost its weight due to setting up of large scale industrial units, with concentration in towns and with the heavy use of machinery. The lure of employers, to reduce the cost of production, in order to withstand in the competitive market and to maximise their profits enabled them to use more and more technologically advanced devices of production and sophisticated machines which, in turn, have contributed in further drying up the dampness of the personal relationship. Simultaneously it had given rise to a new class of workers who were dependent on wages only for their livelihood and had come frnm different parts of the country, for seelung employment in these industries. 3. 3 History of the Indian Trade Unions As an organised movement, trade unions began to take shape in India in the years immediately following the end of the World War I. The rise of trade unions was a new development in the society. In its long history through the ayes there is no organisation which can be regarded as the prototype of a trade union. There are some similarities between a trade union and a caste, but there are rnore dissimilarities than similarities. A caste is many a time wedded to a profession or a craft. Originally the caste system may have developed, at least partially, as a result of different professions and practices followed by various sections of the society. But in course of time caste became entirely dependent on birth. One is born into a caste, he canno t join it. The link between the caste and the profession or craft also broke down in later years. z Trade unions are essentially the product of modem large scale industry. Indian trade unions did not grow out of any existing institutions in the society. They developed as a new institution. So far as the question of formation and development of Trade Unions in India is concerned, its necessity was realised from 1875 onwards by plulanthropists, social workers like Shri Soirabji Shapaji Bengalle and Shri N. M. Lokhandey. As a result of their concrete efforts there was awakening among the workers and they had formed a few trade untons l ~ k e The Prlnters Un~on,Calcutta (1905) the Bombay Postal Unton (1907) etc Yet the necesstty of having workers organisatton on a large scale was reallsed only after the 1 World War Therefore, labour leaders itke Mahatma Gandht had gtven due 1tnpetu5to the organtsatton of workers Gandhijt had realised the necessity of organising and combining the workers into tl-ade unions, as he had experienced from his close association with working class that the labour relations in India were not just and balancing. On one side, the one party i. e. , capital (employers) were properly organised, entrenched and were having control over the market; whereas the other party i. e. , labour (employees) was so much disunited and disorganised that it was working under the grossest superstitions3. So much that it could not even imagine, what to say of thinking that its wages have to be dictated by capitalists instead of demanding on its own terms. 4 Moreover its intelligence was cramped by the mechanical occupation as it had little scope or chance to develop their mind. Due to this very reason it was prevented from realising the power and full dignity of their atu us. ^ Keeping this attention on both these parties i. e. Capital and Labour (Employers and Employees. ) Gandhiji tried his best to regulate their relations on a Just basis. 7 Accordingly, he advised the working class, to combine themselves in the form of unions but not for political motives but for bettering their social or economic positions. 9 So by combining into unions the labour would become intelligent enough firstly to co-operate with itself and secondly then to offer co-operation with capital on terms of honourable equality. For attaining the objective of elevating the labour to the status of CO-partnersof capital, Gandhiji, felt that, there was no need to bring about transformation of the existing relationship as such capitals and labour were not to be considered as inherently irreconcilable analgoni~ts,~ there was need to understand this rock bottom but truth if capital was power, so was work1 and the capital was as much neighbour of the labour as the latter was a neighbour of the former and one had to seek and win the co-operation of the other. I4 With this understanding farnilistic relationship will be created in between these two potent forces of production i. e. apital and labour. Thus having combined labour would not be tempted then by higher wages I5or helplessly allow itself to be attracted, for say, pittance. But on the contrary its combination would act like a magnet attracting to it all the needed capital1 and ultimately will have ample food, good and sanitary dwellings, all necessary education for their children, ample leisure and self education and proper m edical assistance and then the capitalist would exist as trustee for themn. %erefore, Gandhiji had realised the necessity of combining the working class into Trade Unions. Besides Gandhiji, the Whitly Commission on Labour in India (1929-31) had also pointed out that the Modem industrialism is itself of western importation and the difficulties which it creates for labour in India are similar to the difficulties it has created elsewhere. 20 In these conditions the Commission realised that it is power to combine that labour has the only effective safeguard against exploitation and the only lasting security against inhuman conditionsn2 Moreover the Commission did not fmd an evidence of any alternative remedy that is likely to prove effective. So it emphasised that the need of organisation among Indian workmen is great and it further recommended that nothing but a strong Trade Union movement will give the Indian working class adequate The Commission went on recommending the necessity of Trade IJnlons so much that it said that nor is labour the only p a q that will benefit from a sound development of the trade union movement. Employers and the public should welcome its growth? The Commission had also realised the necessity of Trade Union very much because it was confident that the Trade Union, if formed, is bound to evoke a response and if that response does not take the form of organised trade union movement, it is feared that it may assume a more dangerous form. 2h Besides Gandhl and the Royal Commission on Labour (1929- 31) the necessity of forming Trade Unions has increasingly become more and more on ~ attainment of independence in India (i. e. 1 5 August, 1947). AAer being ndependent, India drafted her own constitution where in various freedoms viz. , freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom of settlement and freedom of employment etc. have been guaranteed and goal of social justice has been set up for the welfare of all. Simultaneously for having planned economic development and bringing about social transformation in the country, the Planning Commission drafted its first five year plan, setting therein necessary targe ts of production industrial as well as agricultural to be achieved during the next five years. For having industrial advancement industrial Policy Resolution in 1948, was also prepared. As the economic progress is bound up with the Industrial peace so for the successful ~mplementation the ~ l a n sparticularly in the economy organised for of , planned production and distribution and aiming at the realisation of social justice and the welfare of the masses, the co-operation from Trade Unions was considered absolutely essential at different stages of the execution of the plans.